Abstract
Stand-alone photovoltaic lighting systems have been used to provide electricity in unelectrified
remote locations in Tonga since 1987. PV lighting systems power many
remote households and community halls and this improves lifestyles and upgrades
living standards. Donors have spent millions of dollars to fund the purchase and
installation of PV lighting systems in Tonga but this development is yet to prove its
sustainability.
This research examines the problems that influence the sustainability of PV lighting
systems in Tonga and identifies problems related to their environmental, economic,
technical and institutional sustainability. Proposals are put forward to enhance the future
sustainability of Tongan PV lighting systems and related PV applications. The
examination of sustainability employs the Brundtland definition of sustainability,
viewing sustainability in terms of its environmental, economic, technical and
institutional aspects. The research employs and analyses household surveys, data
extracted from PV stakeholder interviews, and a literature search.
The exploitation of fossil fuel and fuelwood resources is still significant in Tonga
because the remote economy is a subsistence one, and environmental protection is not a
priority. Lack of a proper recycling method for PV equipment increases the solid waste
materials in the environment. Economically, users are reluctant to pay monthly fees,
compounding problems with maintenance and access to spare parts. Social and cultural
concerns have generally been ignored during system design and project planning.
Technically, users experience poor system performance and some systems no longer
operate. Institutionally, stakeholders have different perceptions and interests towards
PV development in the islands. As a result, the By-Laws implemented to administer the
PV lighting systems have never been enforced and stakeholders generally experience a
low level of participation in governance, undermining their satisfaction with project
implementation. The sustainability of PV systems in Tonga would be enhanced through
the utilization of mature PV technologies under appropriate technological and
institutional frameworks that reduce environmental problems and meet the socioeconomic
needs of target communities.