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(1995)Journal ArticleThe scaling behaviour of vortex-glass superconductivity is studied, by measuring the resistive transition as well as the I-V curve under a variety of magnetic fields, in a series of V doped YBa2Cu307_y samples with different grain sizes. The equilibrium phase boundary line between the normal and superconducting phases in the H-T plane obtained by fitting the resistive transition is consistent with that obtained by the I-V curve measurements. As the magnetic field is lower than a certain value, Hs, the scaling exponents are magnetic-field independent, but at H = H s, they begin to increase with the magnetic field and gradually get saturation. The switch field, Hs, decreases with decreasing the grain size in the samples. The results show that the magnetic-field-dependent scaling behaviour of the I-V curve observed in weak-link containing systems originates from the transition of a "weak" vortex-glass state to a "strong" vortex-glass state.
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(1995)Journal ArticleTwo types of Bi-2212 single crystals, one type having a low T c and the other having a high T¢ were annealed in air at different temperatures over the range 450°C to 750°C followed by furnace cooling. The transition temperature of the crystals with low T c (~ 56 K) increased with increase of annealing temperature, while the crystals with high Tc (~ 91 K) had just the opposite behaviour under the same annealing conditions. It is indicated that the quality of as-grown crystal has a significant effect on the superconducting properties of the annealed crystal. The c-axis values for both types of crystals decreased with increase of annealing temperature. According to the relationship between c-axis values and the oxygen content, our results confirmed the existence of a dome-shaped curve of T¢ with carrier concentration in Bi-2212 single crystal similar to that in Bi-2212 compound reported previously by Groen and de Leeuw [Physica C 159 (1989) 417]. By studying the increase of annealing time at a fixed temperature of 650°C, T¢ and ATe were found to change very little for both types of crystals. Thus, T c and AT~ were more sensitive to annealing temperature than to annealing time. XRD, SEM and EDS revealed that a small quantity of powder phase appeared after annealing at temperatures above 500°C for both types of crystals. This powder phase had the Bi-2212 composition, which indicated that the integrity of the Bi-2212 single crystals was significantly degraded by the annealing process.
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(2006)Journal ArticleWe have used a bioinformatics approach to evaluate the completeness and functionality of the reported human immunoglobulin heavy-chain IGHD gene repertoire. Using the hidden Markov-model-based iHMMune-align program, 1,080 relatively unmutated heavy-chain sequences were aligned against the reported repertoire. These alignments were compared with alignments to 1,639 more highly mutated sequences. Comparisons of the frequencies of gene utilization in the two databases, and analysis of features of aligned IGHD gene segments, including their length, the frequency with which they appear to mutate, and the frequency with which specific mutations were seen, were used to determine the reliability of alignments to the less commonly seen IGHD genes. Analysis demonstrates that IGHD4-23 and IGHD5-24, which have been reported to be open reading frames of uncertain functionality, are represented in the expressed gene repertoire; however, the functionality of IGHD6-25 must be questioned. Sequence similarities make the unequivocal identification of members of the IGHD1 gene family problematic, although all genes except IGHD1-14*01 appear to be functional. On the other hand, reported allelic variants of IGHD2-2 and of the IGHD3 gene family appear to be nonfunctional, very rare, or nonexistent. Analysis also suggests that the reported repertoire is relatively complete, although one new putative polymorphism (IGHD3-10*p03) was identified. This study therefore confirms a surprising lack of diversity in the available IGHD gene repertoire, and restriction of the germline sequence databases to the functional set described here will substantially improve the accuracy of IGHD gene alignments and therefore the accuracy of analysis of the V-D-J junction.
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(2000)Journal ArticleIn-plane fluctuations of superconductivity have been investigated for Al-doped Bi-2212 single crystals with different resistivity anisotropy. The experimental results of in-plane paraconductivity are in good agreement with the Lawrence and Doniach model. The interlayer coupling is found to decrease with the resistivity anisotropy.
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(1997)Journal ArticleWe report experimental studies of transport properties of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) bicrystals with various degrees of high quality [001] twist grain boundaries. We find similar resistive onset temperature and field for both the grain-boundary and the constituent single crystals. Critical current across the grain boundaries is essentially independent of twist angle. These results show that the strength of superconducting coupling along the c-axis of [001] twist grain boundaries does no depend on misorientation angle.
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(1997)Journal ArticleSuperconducting fluctuations have been studied by systematic measurements of the in-plane paraconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals with different resistivity anisotropies. It has been observed that the interlayer coupling strength decreases dramatically with the anisotropy of the sample, which significantly influences the dimensional behaviour of the in-plane paraconductivity. For all the samples studied, the in-plane paraconductivity is in good agreement with the Lawrence and Doniach model. For the sample of highest resistivity anisotropy, the behaviour of the in-plane paraconductivity is basically two-dimensional, but deviates significantly from two-dimensional behaviour as the resistivity anisotropy decreases.
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(2000)Journal ArticleHigh quality, large size Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) single crystals have been grown by a self-flux method in a horizontal temperature gradient. We found that the presence of the horizontal temperature gradient is helpful for the crystal growing along the ab-plane direction. However, non-uniform distribution of temperature in the vertical direction in the furnace often causes imperfections along the c direction. This may be one of the critical reasons why crystals produced by flux method are very thin and easy to cleave along the ab-plane, compared with the crystals grown by the floating zone method. The influence of the growth conditions and post-heat treatment on the resistivity anisotropy of the crystals has been investigated. Crystals grown in the condition where the temperature is non-uniformly distributed along the vertical direction often have higher anisotropy in resistivity. In addition, the post-heat treatment in the nitrogen atmosphere reduces the anisotropy of the resistivity of the crystal. Possible mechanisms are discussed.