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(1998)Journal ArticleThe first results obtained using a SOI device for microdosimetry applications are presented. Microbeam and broadbeam spectroscopy methods are used for determining minority carrier lifetime and radiation damage constants. A spectroscopy model is presented which includes the majority of effects that impact spectral resolution. Charge collection statistics were found to substantially affect spectral resolution. Lateral diffusion effects significantly complicate charge collection
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(1998)Journal ArticleSingle-address-space operating systems (SASOS) are an attractive model for making the best use of the wide address space provided by the latest generations of microprocessors. SASOS remove the address space boundaries which make data sharing between processes difficult and expensive in traditional operating systems. They offer the potential of significant performance advantages for applications where sharing is important, such as object-oriented databases or persistent programming systems. We have built the Mungi system to demonstrate that a SASOS can offer these performance advantages without resorting to special hardware. Mungi is a very `pure` SASOS, featuring an unintrusive protection model based on sparse capabilities, a fast protected procedure call mechanism, and uses shared memory as the exclusive inter-process communication mechanism, as well as for I/O. The simplicity of our model makes it easy to implement it efficiently on conventional architectures. Our implementation of Mungi for the MIPS R4600 64-bit microprocessor is presented, which is based on our port of the L4 microkernel. Mungi is shown to outperform, in some instances by more than an order of magnitude, two UNIX operating systems, Irix and Linux, in several important operations, such as task creation and inter-process communications, and on the OO1 object-oriented database benchmark. As well, we describe how our approach to key issues in SASOS design provides better performance than other systems, such as Opal. Our experience shows that the SASOS concept is viable, and that a well-designed microkernel is an excellent base on which to build high-performance operating systems.
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(1998)Conference PaperThe ecosystem of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., has been subject to heavy metal and metalloid inputs since 1897 from a lead-zinc smelter, and subsequently coal-fired power stations, coal mines and washeries and sewage treatment plants. Reports in 1994 of contamination of commercial fish species from the Lake with selenium levels up to twelve times those recommended for human consumption has lead to calls for bans on commercial and recreational fishing in the Lake, which could potentially devastate local fishing and tourism industries. Selenium biogeochemical cycling in estuarine environments such as Lake Macquarie is subject to factors including sediment redox potential, sediment characteristics, solubility of Se-containing mineral phases, ligand complexing ability, and microbially-mediated oxidation-reduction, mineralisation and methylation reactions. Understanding this biogeochemistry is important so as to evaluate the potential risk to ecosystems and human health posed by selenium, and to determine the likely impact of potential management strategies. The research described in this paper examines the importance and role of two of these specific factors which impact selenium biogeochemical cycling in Lake Macquarie: sediment redox potential and microbial methylation reactions. The role of sediment redox potential was examined utilising sediment from the Lake, dosed with known quantities of selenium and then studied under different conditions, comprising: addition of various macrofauna to the sediments to examine the impact of bioturbation on sediment redox status and therefore selenium availability; and exposure of sediment plugs to oxygenated and deoxygenated seawater to quantify selenium release. Bioturbation caused deepening of the oxidised conditions in the sediment, impacting upon speciation and mobility of selenium, whilst exposure of contaminated reduced sediment to oxidising porewater arising from bioturbation resulted in selenium mobilisation from the strongly binding “organic fraction” of the sediment. Separately, bacterial cultures were isolated from the Lake with the ability to tolerate high selenium levels. Organisms were cultured in flasks with nutrient broth containing selenate (Se(VI)) at 100mg/l and incubated at 28oC for several weeks. Analysis by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that the mass balance on the flasks would not close, indicating loss of selenium to the culture headspace. Samples of culture headspace gases were then collected using a cryogenic trapping system and injected into a GC/MS where methylated selenium species including dimethylselenyl sulfide and dimethylselenyl disulfide were identified. These experiments indicated that both sediment redox potential and microbial methylation are important in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium in Lake Macquarie. The impact of bioturbation upon sediment redox potential is important for any consideration of capping sediments, as the depth of the cap must be sufficient to prohibit bioturbative organisms from accessing the sediment below the cap, whilst the demonstrated ability of indigenous microorganisms from the Lake to methylate selenium may represent a potential remediation options for contaminated sediments or selenium-containing waste streams.
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(1998)Journal ArticleYBa2Cu3O7-y with high grain alignment has been successfully fabricated by a modified powder melting process at a temperature of ~930oC which is near the eutectic point of the starting materials Y2BaCuO5, BaCuO2, and CuO. In terms of the levitation force and YBa2Cu3O7-y grain alignment, the best result was shown in a sample having a Y2BaCuO5:BaCuO2:CuO molecular ratio of 1:3:5. In the present work, the Cu-surplus eutectic liquid was completely absorbed by use of a Y2BaCuO5 substrate, by which the final composition was driven to stoichiometric YBa2Cu3O7-y. The results were comparable to those obtained by the conventional melt-texture-growth process. A new invariant point apparently occurred at ~930-940oC owing to an interfacial reaction between YBa2Cu3O7-y matrix and Y2BaCuO5 substrate.
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(1998)Journal ArticleDuring magnetoresistance measurement of Bi-2212 single crystals, we found the resistance in the c-axis direction exhibited a huge magnetic enhancement (H perpendicular to the a-b-plane) while the onset transition temperature along the c-axis showed a large depression when the magnetic fields were over a certain value (H > 180 Oe). No such phenomena were observed in small applied magnetic fields (H < 180 Oe) and in a-b-plane magnetoresistance measurements. By changing different probes (eight probes being attached to the sample, each side having four probes) for the measurement of the magnetoresistance along the c-axis with H = 2000 Oe, we found that the resistance along the c-axis in the temperature region T/Tc > 0.90 was only related to the measuring dimensions and Tc onset remained unchanged. Our results provided evidence that both Lorentz-force-independent fluctuation-induced dissipation and Lorentz-force-dependent vortex motion dissipation exist in the mixed state.
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