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(2020)ThesisSelf-efficacy has a significant positive influence on one’s efforts, thoughts, feelings and behaviours. This dissertation centres on parenting self-efficacy (PSE), which describes a perceived ability to effectively perform the parenting role, exploring whether it spills over to positively influence employee engagement, performance and wellbeing. This dissertation is comprised of three studies. Study 1 examines whether and how PSE varies across child development stages. It also investigates the role of PSE in both work-to-family and family-to-work spillover relationships. Three PSE classes (i.e., low, moderate, and high) were detected over a 12-year period, and PSE was found to be both a negative predictor and outcome of work-family conflict over time. These findings helped unpack the dynamic nature of PSE across infancy and early adolescence, and gain an initial understanding of the longitudinal PSE-work spillover relationships. Study 2 further expands the PSE literature by developing a multidimensional PSE scale with the use of a mixed-methods research approach. The findings of the qualitative interviews suggested that parenting was multifaceted, and that parents might have a different level of self-efficacy across various parenting areas. The scale was then validated by analysing the results of two quantitative surveys, which demonstrated that each PSE dimension was associated with a specific work outcome. This showed that PSE was a multidimensional construct consisting of PSE task, regulatory, resource (partner) and resource (others). Extending the findings of both Studies 1 and 2, Study 3 utilises the experience sampling method to examine whether and how the daily fluctuations in multidimensional PSE affect work outcomes. Three PSE classes (i.e., low, moderate and high) were also found for PSE regulatory and resource (partner) across five days. Importantly, both PSE regulatory and resource (partner) positively predicted parents’ Friday work engagement and job performance. In summary, all three studies support that PSE is a multidimensional and/ or dynamic construct that impacts various work outcomes over time. This series of studies also provides evidence for the existence of a moderate PSE class that has been largely ignored in the literature, and is vital because this level of PSE also enhances work outcomes. These findings provide both theoretical and practical implications and important directions for future research.
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(2023)ThesisThis dissertation extends knowledge of heterogeneous reference groups for organizational social comparisons. Addressing research opportunities regarding improving our understanding towards organizational reference groups in the contemporary behavioral theory of the firm literature (the behavioral literature for short), this dissertation explores two research questions regarding both the behavioral (internal) and structural (external) antecedents of organizational reference group configurations – defined by the performance range and industry diversity of the organizations in reference groups. Drawing upon the behavioral literature, the social network literature, and the social comparison theory literature, I explore how organizational historical performance feedback and interorganizational networks interact to activate different types of social comparison motives and influence reference group configurations. First, I theorize the effects from recent historical performance feedback on reference group configurations. Second, I examine how the fluctuation of historical performance feedback over time interacts with recent historical performance feedback to influence reference group configurations. Third, I examine how interorganizational network features interact with recent performance feedback to influence reference group configurations. Network diversity and network status are examined to capture both the information flow and the social hierarchy aspects of interorganizational networks. Main effects of network diversity and network status on organizational reference group configurations are also investigated in this dissertation to provide a more complete understanding about the antecedents of heterogeneous organizational reference groups. To test the hypotheses, I construct two panel datasets of 1,157 and 332 US public firms from 2006 to 2015 based on the ISS Incentive Lab, BoardEx, and Compustat North America databases. Fixed effects models are applied as analytic methods. The results support the hypotheses that the fluctuation of historical performance feedback weakens the influence of positive historical performance feedback on reference group configurations (both the performance range and industry diversity), and network status weakens the influence of negative historical performance feedback on the industry diversity of reference groups. The results also demonstrate an unexpected weakening effect of network diversity on the relationship between negative historical performance feedback and the performance range of reference groups, which is opposite to my hypothesis. By investigating the antecedents of reference group configurations, my dissertation contributes to the behavioral literature in four primary ways. First, this dissertation takes initial steps to examine specific organizational reference group configurations and contributes to knowledge on the heterogeneity of reference groups across organizations. Second, this dissertation demonstrates the role played by history/time and positive historical performance feedback in the process of reference group selection, and provides a more complete model of how historical performance feedback influences reference groups used for social comparisons. Third, this dissertation investigates interorganizational networks as contingent external antecedents of reference group configurations and enriches our understanding of organizational social comparisons. Fourth, this dissertation makes an empirical contribution through using panel datasets with information of reference groups actually used by organizations to test hypotheses.
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(2024)ThesisThis dissertation extends the literature on the activity-based view of business model innovation (BMI). The three studies in this dissertation are grounded in two overarching research questions regarding the 1) antecedents of BMI and 2) the performance-efficacy of BMI. Study 1 draws on the attention-based view (ABV), temporal focus, and paradox literatures to investigate the association of organizational polyfocal attention—simultaneous attention to past and future temporal foci—with BMI intensity and environmental dynamism as a contingency. Study 2 draws on ambivalence and temporal focus literatures to investigate the association of emotional ambivalence with BMI intensity and organizational future focus as a contingency. Study 3 draws on the search literature and ecological rationality theory to examine the relationships of search breadth and search depth with BMI and subsequent competitive performance. I use a panel of S&P 500 firms (2004-2020) in Study 1 and Study 2, and a survey of 266 US-based firms in Study 3. Study 1 finds that organizational polyfocal attention on the past and future temporal foci is negatively associated with BMI intensity, however, environmental dynamism moderates this relationship. Study 2 finds that organizational emotional ambivalence is negatively associated with BMI intensity, however, organizational future focus moderates this relationship. Study 3 finds that BMI mediates the relationship of search depth with competitive performance. My research significantly progresses knowledge on BMI—responding directly to critiques regarding the theoretical relevance of BMI. I undertake a comprehensive, theory-driven exploration, revealing not only novel antecedents and contingencies that influence BMI but also build and validate a text-based measure that facilitates a more rigorous scrutiny of theoretically anticipated associations. My novel measure charters a way for deeper theorizing and more precise empirical scrutiny of theoretical relationships. This novel measure also addresses concerns from scholars regarding the measurement of BMI and provides foundations for future work. Overall, this dissertation strengthens the foundation for the development of a more complete theory on BMI.