Thesis
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(2024)ThesisDigital transformation (DT) continues to gain popularity, while it still presents a contested and ambiguous process. This thesis explores the DT process in different scenarios with varied theoretical lenses befitting each scenario using three empirical case study papers. The study starts with a thematic literature review setting the context for the complexity of the DT process within the application of "smart city" calling for a renewed process-oriented research approach. The thesis proceeds with the analysis of how stakeholders influence the DT process in response to opportunities and challenges within and beyond organisational boundaries. In doing so, the research uncovers multiple premises for aligning, guiding, and provoking stakeholders’ influence on the DT process. The findings highlight the importance of the stakeholders' alignment process, nurturing stakeholders’ attention, and achieving resourcefulness in a resource constrained environment to deliver a successful information system through the DT initiative. From a theoretical perspective, the study focuses on the DT process to unlock a series of actions, interactions, and decision-making necessary for the success of the DT initiative, then expands the adopted theoretical lenses with new elements, premises, and interactions. Drawing on the findings, the study develops three process models that describe the initiation, operationalisation, and activation of the DT process. Practically, the research provides guidance to practitioners on planning, implementing, and dealing with the complexity of the transformation process along their DT journey.
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(2024)ThesisThis PhD thesis explores the synthesis, structural, morphological, ferroelectric, optical, and electrical properties of a robust MAPbI3-PVDF TrFE halide perovskite nanocomposite. The research findings reveal that the nanocomposite surpasses the bare MAPbI3 in terms of stability, while maintaining its photoluminescence property for an impressive duration of 9 months. The exceptional stability of the nanocomposite sets the stage for further investigation into its potential for various optoelectronic applications. The thesis explores the application of the stability and robustness of these nanocomposites for tuning the photoluminescence properties of the MAPbI3-PVDF TrFE nanocomposite using a bias-dependent PL technique. This method enables the manipulation of the PL properties of these robust nanocomposites by applying an electric field, thereby allowing for the fine-tuning of their optoelectronic characteristics. In contrast, the bare MAPbI3 exhibited poor stability after just a few cycles, emphasizing the adaptability of the nanocomposite for a wide range of optoelectronic applications and its potential in enhancing the performance and longevity of such devices. Finally, the thesis assesses the potential of this material combination for developing a photoelectrochemical (PEC) device using the MAPbBr3-PVDF nanocomposite, aimed at achieving stable hydrogen production as a clean and sustainable energy source. The PEC device demonstrates a stable hydrogen production for 2 hours, a remarkable improvement compared to the immediate degradation of the bare MAPbBr3 in the electrolyte solution. These promising results underscore the potential of robust halide perovskite-PVDF nanocomposites for various applications, including optoelectronics and renewable energy generation. Furthermore, the findings lay the groundwork for future advancements in these domains, potentially leading to the development of more efficient, robust, and cost-effective technologies for a sustainable future.
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(2024)ThesisBackground The burden of Type 2 diabetes includes increased disability, reduced life expectancy, and increased healthcare costs worldwide. Self-management is key in controlling and managing diabetes. This study explores patients’ perceptions and experiences and potential barriers to self-management among the middle-aged population of rural Pakistan. Methods This is a mixed-method study. In phase 1, data were collected from 30 patients, 20 healthcare professionals, and two focus groups using semi-structured interviews. In phase 2, quantitative data was collected using a self-administered survey of 200 patients from the medical centre of Abbottabad, Pakistan. Factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to assess factors associated with self-management. The association between self-management behaviours and glycemic control, demographic and disease factors, cultural beliefs, and family and healthcare provider support was analysed. Findings The qualitative patient findings highlighted the challenges and barriers to diabetes self-management among men and women in rural Pakistan. The challenges faced by health professionals were addressed by an individual patient-centred approach. The study revealed that the social and cultural barriers had direct implications for the self-management of type 2 diabetes. The quantitative analysis demonstrated a gender difference in the mean of HbA1c after a 6-month intervention involving two components of the Chronic Care Model. For males, this was 8.11% compared to 7.28% for females (p=0.001). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that age, gender, income, level of education, length of time since diagnosis, and level of glucose control (HbA1c) predicted 21 % of self-management behaviours. The instrument developed showed acceptable results: split-half reliability coefficient of 0.90, test-retest reliability (r=0.918, p=<0.001), intra-class coefficient (0.912), and Cronbach’s alpha (0.79). Artificial Intelligence analysis revealed that the majority of diabetes patients heavily relied on medication adherence rather than self-management. Conclusions This research provided insight into the way underserved middle-aged patients live with diabetes in rural areas of Pakistan and manage their health in real life. The two core elements of the chronic care model provided evidence of their effectiveness, particularly when used in combination. The Urdu version (U-SDSCA) of the instrument and the AI application in this study should inform future efforts to improve diabetes self-management and support decision-making by health professionals.
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(2024)ThesisFoam concrete, a type of lightweight concrete devoid of coarse aggregates, exhibits densities ranging from 400 to 1850 kg/m³. This thesis undertook a comprehensive analysis of the influence of key design parameters on the effectiveness of PVA fibre reinforcement within foam concrete. Additionally, it aimed to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the impact of PVA fibres on the microstructure of foam concrete. Furthermore, two distinct fibre treatment methods were analysed and implemented: one involving treatment with non-ionic surfactants and the other with a water repellent substance. These treatments were explored for their potential to enhance fibre distribution and increase the toughness of foam concrete. The results show that in high-density foam concrete, fibre distribution had a dominant impact on the compressive strength, but the pore structure did not show much influence on the strength. However, in low-density foam concrete, fibre distribution significantly influenced pore structure, and an improved pore structure provided higher compressive strength. Furthermore, the large-diameter fibres outperformed small-diameter fibres in improving the compressive strength of high-density foam concrete. In contrast, the small-diameter fibres showed better reinforcement efficiency in low-density foam concrete. The mechanism of fibre influence on pre-crack and post-crack flexural behaviour in foam concrete differs from that in normalweight concrete. In particular, contrary to the behaviour observed in normalweight concrete, PVA fibres noticeably enhanced the pre-crack flexural performance and splitting tensile strength of foam concrete. Different from pre-crack behaviour, fibre content and size dominated post-crack behaviour of foam concrete. A higher w/c ratio was found to correlate with superior fibre distribution, enhanced pore distribution, and larger pores – indicative of an elevated pore wall thickness – within the foam concrete. It was observed that 0.45 was the optimal w/c ratio due to the most regular pores and other acceptable parameters. The fibres treated by PA B enhanced fibre dispersion and pore structure in the foam concrete, and thus increased mechanical properties of the foam concrete. Additionally, the fibres treated by water repellent decreased the fibre bond strength, increased fibre working period, and thus significantly improved toughness and ductility of the foam concrete.
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(2024)ThesisThe process of wound healing is a complex physiological mechanism that plays a pivotal role in restoring skin function after injuries. However, the challenge of chronic wounds, characterized by prolonged and incomplete healing, presents a substantial clinical obstacle. Traditional wound treatment modalities, with their inherent limitations, have spurred the pursuit of innovative solutions. his thesis ventures into the domain of skin bioprinting and advanced biomaterials, aiming to redefine the landscape of chronic wound care. The first chapter is an extensive literature review, offering an in-depth exploration of 3D bioprinting. This chapter thoroughly discusses the materials employed in the bioprinting process, shedding light on their diverse applications. Chapter 2 investigates the crucial issue of inflammation in chronic wounds. A novel approach is introduced, involving the incorporation of enzymes into the bioink structure. Enzymes, after being methacrylated, are covalently bonded to the polymer backbone without altering their native properties. The efficacy of enzyme bioinks in vitro is demonstrated in Chapter 3. Cytocompatibility tests with skin cells to evaluate cell viability and proliferation in the presence of enzyme hydrogels are performed. The enzyme hydrogels are tested for their ability to counteract excessive inflammation induced by ROS (hydrogen peroxide), and its effect on wound closure. Chapter 4 embarks on a journey into the realm of 3D printing for the creation of biomaterials conducive to vascular networks. This exploration involves the introduction of angiogenic factors, particularly nitric oxide (NO), into the bioink. The efficiency of the NO-releasing bioinks is scrutinised in Chapter 5 through in vitro experimentations. This phase of evaluation involves the examination of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) to ascertain whether they differentiate, giving rise to endothelial cells. Chapter 6 serves as a culmination of the primary findings, presenting them within a unified framework and providing a coherent narrative for future research endeavours. This thesis utilises an exploration of state-of-the-art methodologies aimed at tackling chronic wound healing challenges.